The Tyranny Of Experts Economists, Dictators, And The...

The Tyranny of Experts: Economists, Dictators, and the Forgotten Rights of the Poor, a strong title followed by an effective introduction. William Easterly is a Professor of economics at New York University and Co-Director of the NYU development Research Institute also a previous World Bank Group employee. Easterly is an expert whose work The Tyranny of Experts is set to criticize experts. Easterly starts his book off with a story about twenty thousand local farmers in Ohio whose farms were burnt down and animals shot to death by soldiers to make room for commercial forestry, as they watched their family farms burn they were held at gun point by the soldiers and told â€Å"never come back† and â€Å"the land is no longer yours†. Of course there was a point to this story; if this had happened it would have caused political unrest and outrage among citizens it would have been in the media for days and covered worldwide. Although according to Easterly it did happen not in Ohio but in Mubende Uganda, and furthermore the incident was supposedly connected to a forestry project led by the World Bank who promised to investigate the issue but never did. In Easterly’s view this example is what is wrong with development; it is a top-down based approach that is technocratic and distant to the rights and freedom of individuals, all run by a tyranny of experts. Easterly then uses this story to introduce and support his main argument which is showed in this short passage among many: TheShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMichael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographicalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesAssociated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 2007  © Pearson Education Limited 2007 The rights of Joanne Duberley, Phil Johnson and John McAuley to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical

The Minister s Black Veil - 1654 Words

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Business Law Assignment Free Essays

MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF SINGAPORE IN COLLABORATION WITH UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESS LAW ASSIGNMENT Presented by Name| FIN/IC Number| Participation Marks Awarded| Gerry Vicentius Sajuti| G1180480U| | Diana Ong Cabillan| G5304258P| | Cecillia Satryo| G1188819X| | ANALYSIS| /40%| RESEARCH| /30%| ORGANIZATION| /15%| PRESENTATION| /15%| Date of Submission: 16 OCTOBER 2012 Name of Lecturer: DANIEL THEYAGU DECLARATION This is to declare that this is our original work and we have not plagiarise any information from any other works. We understand that plagiarism is a serious issue and if found guilty our work will be rejected and possible we will be barred from the examination. We have verified all information given and have effectively referenced the sources. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Law Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now If after graduation it is found that our work is not original we stand a chance of having our Diploma revoked by the institution concern. Name: Gerry Vicentius Sajuti Signature: ___________________ Name: Diana Ong Cabillan Signature: ___________________ Name: Cecillia SatryoSignature: ____________________ CONTENTS PAGE QUESTION ONE DIAGRAM OF SINGAPORE COURT STRUCTURE SUB-ORDINATE COURT OF SINGAPORE * One of the two tiers in court system of singapore * There are 15 various of subordinate courts. HIGH COURT OF SINGAPORE * consists of the chief justice of Singapore and the judges of the high court * exercises supervisory and revisionary jurisdiction * bound by decisions of the court of appeal SUPREME COURT * two tiers of the court system in Singapore * consists of the court of appeal and the high court COURT OF APPEAL OF SINGAPORE * It’s court of final appeal * consists chief justice of singapore * The seat called supreme court building Appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters under the principle of stare decisis court appeal are binding on the high court ; sub-ordinate court Essay on Question One A 15 years old teenager will be convicted in some minor cases despite of his reasoning. In the classic situation,in which the police first obtain a confession,discover some other evidence,while in the contrast all the decision will be de pend on the judge of the court. Sometimes to prevent unfairness and hold the consistency,judges will use stare decisis which are bounded by higher court’s decision depend on the similarity of cases situation. If the young teenager case get the same situation as previous case,it has a big possibilty for the judge to give the same decisions. Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal In Singapore,the highest court is the Court of Appeal that only implements the appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. In civil it usually begins from the High Court. You can have an appeal when the High Court judge is on leave,or when the amount or value of the cases is below $25,000. The Court should only accept evidence that was passed by the court below however new evidence should pass by on special ground. When it comes to Criminal matters,the Court of Appeal cannot hear an appeal when the orders were already made by the High Court from the Subordinate Court except when it exercise original criminal jurisdiction in the latter part. When the High court already made a decision to a convicted person,the Court of Appeal may permit the person to have an appeal if it believes that it has a reasonable doubt and the sentence should be reduced. Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of the High Court In Singapore,the High Court is the lower division of Supreme Court that implements the appellate and original jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. The high court has power in any written law relating to divorce,bankruptcy and matters of admiralty. In implementing appellate civil jurisdiction the hearing should come from the District Courts,Magistrates’ Courts and other tribunal. When it comes to permitting for an appeal,it should be approved by one of the Court above where the amount does not exceed $50,000. In appellate criminal jurisdiction, the criminal cases came from the District and Magistrates’ Courts. The High Court will not overturn the judgment that has been made unless the law is wrong or circumstances are inadequate. In this situation the Court should follow some orders like reversing the decision or enhancing the sentenced that was given and the rest. The jurisdiction of the various divisions of court in the Subordinate circuit Subordinate court is one of the two tiers in court system of singapore beside of supreme court. There are 15 various of subordinate courts. Community Court To prevent and reduce the incidence of crimes and to ensure that those suspected,accused or convicted of crimes is the goal of Community Court. Cases that has been settle by community court e. g. ike selected offenders with mental disorders,family violence cases,those below 21 years accused of theft, and etc. Family Court Family court is legalised on 1st march 1995,which is contributed in settle family-related disputes. Family court is now unified court,dealing with all family proceeding in Singapore,Philosophy of the Family Court is to strenghten family ties and preserved. Coroner’s Court Coroner’s Court carried out for a sudden death such as accidents on the highway,in a jail cell,and suicide. Basicly,the Crime Forensic team analyze the death body of victim and report the result to the court. Later,the trial judge’s decision will result in the stated cause of death : are pure death, by accident, or open to further investigation. Neighborhood Court Treatment for cases occurring within family dealt by Neigborhood Court. The cases handled include family violence,disputes within the scope of the community,attempted suicide,law violations even animal cruelty. Traffic Court On the highway frequently found violations caused user negligence from the mere breach of signs to accidents causing casualties that is handled by the Singapore Traffic Court after receiving reports of violations. The violations include drunk driving or traffic violations by the Land Transport Authority or the traffic police declared there was no other way that can be taken for that incident. Night Court Offenders who are employee so they can attend the hearing after working hours,Singapore has Night Court for that reason. The court was held on weekdays beginning at 6 pm. There are two division of night court,Court 26N for issue noticed by government’s departments and Court 25N for traffic violation. Bail Court Literally bail is a guarantee on a case,so that a case can be suspended with pay administration with a certain amount of money. In the bail court the defendant have to pay a sum of money that will go into the cash bail with respect to certain conditions and by the affirm of the Chamber Magistrate,the defendant can be released. Juvenile Court The Juvenile Court only assumes jurisdiction over children below 14 and young person between 14 until 16 years old. So the offender of the case must below 16 years old when h/she is first charged in the Juvenile Court. If it’s above of it Juvenile Court will relinquishes its jurisdiction. Mentions Court There are two division of Criminal Mentions Court one deal with District Arrest Cases(DACs) and Magistrates Arrest Cases(MACs). Mention Court usually get ready for prosecution to charge an accused person,no longer than 2 days after his arrest and remand. Filter Court Filter Court as know as holding court which filter cases into other trial court. Beside deal with disposal enquiries,it also deal about night court cases where the accussed person claimed trial and some minor cases that require up to a day trial. Civil Court Most of civil court defendant got fined instead of jail. Lawsuit that hold by civil court include a range of areas e. g. for landlord-tenant conflicts,credit card payment disputes,breach of contract for accidental compensation disputes etc Centralised Sentencing Court By some specified cases,The judge will sentence the offender has plead guilty. District Court The penalty of district court may be imprisonment of not more than 7 years,a fine of approximately $ 10,000 flogging up to 12 strokes, or reformative training. District court also handle other cases such as misuse of drug,corruption,company,and security industry. Magistrate Court Court that handling case that punishment less than cases in district court,called Magistrate Court. It handling the case that the sentence less than 3 years. The sentences can be prisoned for no more than 2 years,fine less than $2,000,caning up to 3 strokes. This court also have authority to handle common gaming house,film,miscellaneous offence cases. Criminal Court Penalty of criminal court may be include both jail and fine for a sum of amount. Cases that handle by criminal court e. g. for corruption,immigration,employment of illegal foreign worker etc QUESTION TWO BUSINESS ENTERPRISE FEATURES ESSAY PART 2 PROCESS AND PROCEDURE Step1 Company Formation Before we’re going to register our company,first of all we must have a company formation. Company need a name that belongs to their trade sign that belongs to themselves, the name must be approve before incorporation of company in Singapore occur. Beside of it,we need to fulfil for directors,shareholders,secretary,paid-up capital,registered address and taxation Step2 Name Approval To set up a company,it must be approved first by filling the application with company registrar. Generally company name is being rejected/approval notification through in less than 1 hour unless it got some similarity with other registered name. To make this step faster at least you must not have identical name to any existing name of company,doesn’t infringe with any trademark,is not obscene or vulgar,is not already reserved. An approved name will be reserved 60 days from the date of application. Step3 Singapore Company Registration Once the name has been approved,approval from company registrar will also be approved in few hours assuming that incorporation documents are ready and have been signed by the directors and shareholders of the company. Some cases will delay the incorporation procedure if the director or shareholder of the company come from certain nationalities,but it seldom happen. In such case,authorities will ask for some additional question. For a private limited company need to pay S$ 300 for registration fee. Step4 Goods and Service Tax Registration GST tax is also known as Value Added Tax (VAT) or Sales tax. If you company is GST registered,you need to charged for 7% to your customer from the price of goods and services you provide and in turn this amount to authority. GST registration is not mandatory if your company’s annual turnover does not exceed S$1 million. Step5 Singapore Business Licenses You need to obtain a business license or not is depend on your company activities after you have incorporate your company but before you can commence your business operations. There are few business need to obtain the licenses e. g. for travel agencies,financial services, import/export of goods and restaurants Step6 Registration Document Issues The company registrar will send an official email confirming the incorporation company that include company registration number and certificate of it. It will be charged for S$50 for getting the hard copy at the following day (hardcopy is not being issued in singapore) A business profile of the company can be obtained from the Company Registrar by making a request online and paying a small application fee. Generally, the document (a PDF file) is available for download within an hour of the request and contains company name,registration number,incorporation date,principal activities etc Step7 Annual filing requirements for Singapore companies The Companies Act dictates certain annual filing requirements and formalities, once your company has been incorporated. ESSAY PART THREE Manufacturing food and beverages is one of the everlasting business that can be do by some entrepreneur. It is very difficult to a food and beverages company become bankrupt,because everyday people need any kind of food and drink,for their meal or just for snack time,that’s what makes the company continues to manufacture their products regularly, without fear that the products not sold or foul. The important things to start this kind of company and compete with its competitors in the same field is just the innovation that the company can give to their products that can attract consumer to buy their product. Private Limited Company become the better choice for this kind of business,because in Private Limited Company,they just have less than 20 share holders in company, even usually only about 3-5 people so as not to split a lot of the number of shares, because it will have an impact on the amount of dividen to be gained per person. This form of business make the company easy to develop,because not many hands meddling in the decision-making problems. In the other hand,the profit that company can gain from food and beverages is very high,because the raw materials for food is very cheap and the price could soar exponentially when the raw material is processed so attractive that has marketability. Indeed, the pattern of this kind of business, the cost of the company set up is very big, because we need each cost for land, raw materials, and to employ the employee. However this is the essence of this kind of business itself, each shareholder in the company is required to use existing capital as well as possible with the expectation that the future will gain more trade which in business terms is the return on investment. Therefore, when we talk about the profits, with such a large, the dividends to be gained would be very big for each shareholder. Moreover,for the developing of company, very easy to use the money from the profits earned for research, product development, adding new areas of business. Entirely it depend on how the shareholders’ meeting decided to pay dividends to shareholders or hold it and included as cash for capital expenditure. For the management area, with less number of individuals who join in the shareholder, make it easier for companies to work professionally, because often when many shareholders -the personal shareholders, not through the stock market- which mostly are entrepreneurs, trying to put those beliefs on the board of directors or corporate staff . Sometimes it makes management of work not in accordance with the directives f the shareholders’ meeting, but rather subject to the people who put them in that position, so that the special interests are often saddled to the person. It was the worst possibility of many businessmen who joined in management Related to the law, all things relating to the company’s very easy to handle. Company is a legal entity. With regard to the loss suffered by the company, if the company suffered a loss, then the bear is not a personal, but overall the company was sentenced to, for example experiencing bankruptcy. The company also will not stop operating when one of its shareholders resign or died, because by law, it will be inherited by the heir or other appropriate policy decisions made together. In addition, the form of a company like this, we can easily develop food and beverage products at once with just one company name that in there will be divided into several divisions related, so it does not need a lot of company name to classify each of our products. MISLEADING QUESTION THREE This advertisement is misleading because it can’t immediately delete or heals a skin problem by one treatment, it has steps to be followed. Aside from it, they offer the iPhone 5 if they go to the clinic to make the consultation and treatment that can only be avail by new customers with skin problems. They also wrote term and conditions require to get free treatment in small size below of the advertisement. UNILATERAL OFFER UNILATERAL OFFER This advertisement include in ‘Unilateral Offer’ because they clearly detached all the information about the stuff they sell include the fixed price with seen able size in the red shape without further bargaining needed. Beside of it, ‘everything priced to clear’ means the price fixed until out of stock in 4 days from the day newspaper published. They even stated all the places we can find courts to buy those stuff without term and condition required for everyone. Invitation to offer Invitation to Offer This is an invitation to treat advertisement,because this advertisement is not clear. They just give the rate price for each destination,and the price also started with word ‘from’ that mean the price is not the fix price and need further negotiation with the customer to meet the agreement for the price that benefit each other. They also don’t give the due date of the promo,so it very uncertain and customer need to check it periodically. QUESTION THREE PART THREE ADVERTISEMENT OF TRUE OFFER FOR SALE!!! SECONDHAND BAKERY OVEN For S$1500/ not negotiable Age: 5 months old Colour: Silver For those who are interested you can call me at this number: 85986051 Or via email at dianacabillan@yahoo. com This is an advertisement called unilateral offer means anyone can buy this bakery oven. One reason why this is a true offer is, the intention of the party is clear and it’s stated there the information about the oven like the age, and colour in the price of S$1500. Aside from this, it also stated there that the price of the oven is not negotiable. ADVERTISEMENT OF INVITATION TO TREAT DOradora Pte. Ltd Jurong point #01-16 tel. 63970989 ipod case Fr $12 cup cake Fr $3 cake Fr $39 Hurry come and grab all about doraemon start Fr $3 Fr $399 This advertisement belongs to invitation to treat because it don’t stated clearly what’s the specific of computer stuff they sell and they also invite us to buy their thing with the price that needed for further bargaining (not fix yet),it attached for word ‘from’. Not all commercial there for $3, it means for the cheapest thing like doraemon cupcake start from $3. REFERENCE http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore http://app. subcourts. gov. sg/subcourts/page. aspx? pageid=53865 http://app. supremecourt. gov. sg/default. aspx? pgID=43 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore#Appellate_civil_jurisdiction http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore#Ranking http://app. subcourts. gov. sg/Data/Files/File/InforBooklet_Brochures/Brochure_Crime_CommCt. pdf Introduction to Business Law in Singapore Ravi Chandran Singapore Business Law 2nd ed. Benny S Tabalujan http://www. acra. gov. sg INDIVIDUAL GROUP MEMBER CONTRIBUTION | PART I| PART II| PART III| GERRY VICENTIUS SAJUTI| * Diagram * Subordinate Court| * Diagram of features * Diagram of disadvantages ; advantages * Explanation of the business enterprise| * Invitation to Treat advertisement * Explanation of the advertisement| DIANA ONG CABILLAN| * Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of Court Appeal * Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of High Court| * Disadvantages and Advantages * Diagram of the process and procedure of business| * Misleading Advertisement * Explanation of the advertisement * Create and Explaination of own example of True Offer| CECILLIA SATRYO| * Diagram * Subordinate Court| * Features * Essay of process and procedure of business| * True Offer advertisement * Explanation of the advertisement * Create and Explanation of own example of Invitation to Treat| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Our heartiest gratitude and respect to our lecturer,  Mr. Daniel Theyagu for his attractive class lecture and helpful manner to guide us in improving our submitted assignment. We are also thankful t o those who help us while doing the assignment We think that : GOD HELP THOSE WHO HELPS THEMSELVES As we see this sentence is very smalll but it has a very vast meaning. It means that when a person help himself then God also support him for doing the work. We would like to dedicate this assignment to our parents and lecturer and to those entire people who supported us do this assignment. How to cite Business Law Assignment, Essay examples

Demonetization in India Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Demonetization in India. Answer: Demonetization in India On 8th of November, 2016, Mr. Narendra Modi, the prime minister of India announced on live television at 8 pm news that left the whole could try in shock. The declaration said that the country's 500 and 1000 rupee notes shall no longer be valid come 9th November, 2016. Leaving millions of people in awe and shock, the prime minister took some really bold steps. The strong decision of Modi was hailed by many people, while poor were shocked by the move(Jain 10). While people believe that this had been done in order to curb corruption, bribery and black money in the country, economists say the same was done to avoid tax evasion. A country with a population of around 1.3 billion was left helpless with people unable to figure out where to hide their black money. According to statistics, only about 1% of this population pays taxes in the country. However, after this decision of demonetizing 500 and 1000 rupee notes, more people shall have to pay taxes. Even though this moved caused a lot of irritation and agitation amongst the common public, most of the people do realize that this step shall have positive implications in the long run. Through this many people in India were forced to go with the digitization methods for making their payments that included debit cards, bank transfers and e-wallets. (Shepard 5). According to the money market, the economic situation in the country changed quite quickly. The money market is basically a short term debt market that helps in dealing with different money market instruments. A lot of the people were left with no option but to shift to more advanced methods of cash payments and transactions such as online transfers, net-banking as well as using debit and credit cards. It was observed at the week end of 9 December 2016, that the currency with the public in the total money supply that further reduced to 39.1% (Srija 11). This is accordance with RBIs Weekly Statistical Supplement. Between the time periods from 28th October 2016 to 9th November 2016 there was a sharp decline of about 54% of the total currency in the country which accounted for 9204.3 billion rupees. All of the old notes were no longer valid and in great number. However, the government did not have enough new notes to supply to the population of the country. As seen in the graph below, d ue to this the money supply moved left. In response to this, the money demand shifted towards the right. This was due to the fact that there wasnt enough cash available to the people for them to be able to purchase things and so the demand for money or cash increased. In the long run however, people are now using more digital and cashless ways of spending their money make and receive payments and buy and sell things. Therefore, in the long run, the demand for cash has decreased. Image source: https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/demand-decrease-shift-graph.jpg The above graph shows how a decrease in the money supply causes the demand to shift to the right. Bibliography Anonymous.20. "Money Market Definition." 23 November 2010. Economy Watch. 28 November 2017 https://www.economywatch.com/market/money-market/money-market-definition.html. Jain.10, Ravi. "Indian Currency Demonetization: Advantages and Disadvantages." 7 September 2017. Good Returns. 28 November 2017 https://www.goodreturns.in/classroom/2016/11/indian-currency-demonetization-advantages-disadvantages-517945.html. Shepard.5, Wade. "How India Is Surviving Post-Demonetization." 29 July 2017. Forbes.com. 28 November 2017 https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/07/29/how-india-is-surviving-post-demonetization/#132b06ca1164. Srija.11, Ananya. "Money Market After Demonetization." 7 January 2017. ies.gov.in. 28 November 2017 https://www.ies.gov.in/pdfs/money_market_after_demonetisation_Jan_2017.pdf.

National Economic Policy

Policy Mix to Increase Output without Changing Interest Rates It is the desire of policy makers to boost economic growth in all ways possible. One of their main problem is always how to increase economic output while maintaining interest rates as low as possible because high interest rates discourage some components of aggregate demand especially investments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on National Economic Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fiscal policy uses the government resources to alter aggregate demand thus, influencing economic performance of a country (Arnold 2010). To raise output, policy makers will need to implement expansionary fiscal policy. This means that the government can either choose to reduce the amount of tax that citizens have to pay, increase it purchases or increase its level of transfers. The effects of taxes cannot be expected with certainty since it is not automatic that whe n people’s disposable income increases their spending follows suit, because others may choose to save instead of spending. When the government increases its level of purchases then, the level of planned expenditure in the whole country increases thus, demand for goods and services increases. Increases in demand means that suppliers can sell more commodities than they are currently selling therefore suppliers increase their output. On the same note, when government chooses to reduce the amount of taxes that are levied, people will have more disposable income and they are likely to increase their spending thus increasing aggregate demand. This will give suppliers incentive to produce more thus increasing output, which will in turn increase the average levels of income. It should be noted that, the increase in output is always more than the increase in government spending due to government multiplier. Expansionary fiscal policy makes the IS curve to shift to the right due to inc rease in aggregate demand which in turn increases output (Mankiw 2011). Regrettably, as the IS curve shifts to the right it is not the output only that increases but also interest rates and because policy makers do not want any effect in the interest rates the LM curve must be induced to shift to the right. If expansionary monetary policy is implemented, for example by increasing the amount of money in the economy, the LM curve will shift to the right (Froyen 2008). When the amount of money in circulation increases, the supply of money exceeds its demand and to boost the demand for money, banks have to reduce the interest rates thus making it cheaper to borrow.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The graph above shows the effects of expansionary fiscal policy as well as monetary policy on the IS LM curve. If the economy is initially in equilibrium at point A with interest rates i1 and output y1. Implementation of expansionary fiscal policy will cause a shift of the IS curve from I1S1 to I2S2 thus, changing the equilibrium from point A to point B with interest rate i2 and output y2. An expansionary monetary policy shifts the LM curve rightwards from L1M1 to L2M2 increasing output to y3 but reducing interest rates back to i1 and setting the new equilibrium at point C. Therefore, through mixing expansionary fiscal and expansionary monetary policy, policy makers can increase output without increasing interest rates (Gordon 2008). Elasticity of Money Demand and its Effects It is paramount to note that the quantity change in the demand for money is subjective to the elasticity of demand for money in relation to the factors that affect the demand for money. Income elasticity of money demand is the percentage change in the quantity of money demanded as a result of unit change in income levels of people. Usually, people who have higher income levels tend to have h igher expenses and thus demand more money for their transactions. However, it has been noted that the increase in real money demand is less proportional to increase in real income levels. Alternatively, interest elasticity of money demand is the quantity change of demand in money caused by a unit change in interest rates. Interest rates represents the opportunity cost of holding money therefore, as they increase it becomes expensive to hold money. Consequently, as the interest rates increases, rate of return on securities increases and people find it profitable to invest in securities instead of holding money. Accordingly, as interest rates increase, nominal demand for money decreases because people prefer to hold non-monetary assets as opposed to cash money.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on National Economic Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Expansionary fiscal policy increases output and therefore, income of the people while at the same time it influences increase in interest rates. It will therefore be more effective if the income elasticity of money demand exceeds interest elasticity of money demand (Keynes 2006). This is because the quantity increase in demand for money to be spent will be higher than the quantity decrease in demand for money to be invested and thus the overall effect will be increase in output. It should be noted that, the final quantity increase in aggregate demand and hence, the increase in output is highly influenced by the quantity decrease in investments as a result of increase in interest rates. The increase in output due to expansionary fiscal policy causes an increase in interest rates which is the cost of investments (Harford 2012). This in turn leads to decrease in the amount of investments thus, reducing the quantity change in aggregate demand, a process referred to as crowding out effect. If interest elasticity of money demand exceeds income elastici ty of money demand, the crowding out effect is large to the extent that it might completely eliminate the increase in output resulting from expansionary fiscal policy (Baumol Blinder 2011). The graph above shows IS LM curve of an economy. Expansionary fiscal policy shifts the I1S1 curve to I3S3 increasing both output and interest rates. The increase in interest rates makes investment expensive while non monetary assets become cheap. This leads to decrease in the level of private consumption and specifically investments thus, causing the IS curve to shift leftwards from I3S3 to I2S2 thus reducing the actual output from y3 to y2. It should be noted that, the leftward shift due to increase in interest rates is high when the interest elasticity of money demand is higher than the income elasticity of money demand, and in such a case it reduces the multiplier effect of fiscal policy. Therefore, the crowding out effect determines the quantity change in output due to expansionary fiscal p olicy and the higher it is the lower the quantity increase. Fiscal Policy under Fixed and Floating Exchange Rate System By operating a fixed exchange rate system, the government is ready to maintain exchange rate at the fixed level using all mechanisms that are available. When an expansionary fiscal policy is pursued in an economy where exchange rate is fixed, it leads to different results compared to a situation where the interest rates are floating (Tucker 2008). Let us first look at a situation where a country operates a fixed exchange rate system and the capital is perfectly mobile.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Expansionary fiscal policy will lead to increased aggregate demand hence, shifting the IS curve from I1S1 to I2S2 as shown in the graph above. This will exert pressure on exchange rates to go up, but since the central bank is determined to maintain exchange rate at the current level E*, it increases money supply through open market operations. Increase in money supply causes the LM curve to shift to the right from LM1 to LM2 therefore pushing aggregate incomes upwards from y1 to y2. Since there is perfect mobility of capital, the capital can easily be transferred to production of commodities whose demand is high. Let us now consider the outcomes of expansionary fiscal policy in case of a floating exchange rate. Expansionary fiscal policy shifts the IS curve rightwards from IS1 to IS2 as shown in the graph above. As a result, capital inflow increases which in turn increases demand for local currency therefore, increasing exchange rates from e1 to e2 while the aggregate income remai ns the same. Therefore, under fixed exchange rate system expansionary fiscal policy has greater effects because it triggers expansionary monetary policy thus, increasing aggregate income even further. It is important to note that, since exchange rate is maintained constant, the problem of crowding out effect is minimized. References Arnold, RA 2010, Macroeconomics, Cengage Learning, Stanford. Baumol, WJ Blinder, AS 2011, Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy, Cengage Learning, Stanford. Froyen, RT 2008, Macroeconomics: Theories and Policies, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Gordon, RJ 2008, Macroeconomics, Addison-Wesley, Boston. Harford, T 2012, The Undercover Economist, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Keynes, JM 2006, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi. Mankiw, NG 2011, Essentials of Economics, Cengage Learning, Stanford. Tucker, I 2008, Economics for Today. Cengage Learning, Stanford. This essay on National Economic Policy was written and submitted by user Marshall Phelps to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Modernism Literature essays

Modernism Literature essays Modernism is the social and literal ideal that developped during the period after World War One. Alienation, Negativism, Ambiguioty, and glorifications of the past are all characteristics of Modernism. Great examples of modernist literature are The Metamorphosis, Notes From the Underground, and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. In, The Metamorphisis, Gregor Samsa awakes one day to find himself transformed into a large vermin. This is an example of Negativism. Whether he actually turned into a bug is irrelevent; what is important is to understand how he percieved himself and those around him. In the beginning of the story, Gregor felt alienated. Gregors metamorphisis occurred because he percieved himself in such a negative way. His perception manifested itself, and changed Gregor into an insect. After he became a bug, he came to the understanding that his current form, although horrid, was not nearly as bad as his previous life. In this form he didnt have to work; he could stay home. This alienated Gregor even more, and made him feel trapped. While this book was written long before the early 19th century, it is a perfect example of modernist literature. In the book, Notes From the Underground, the underground man himself is a representation of modernist ideals. Throughout the book, the Underground Man is critical of the world around him, he percieves the rest of the world as being corrupt and greedy. When he tries to reassert himself into society, hes met with great blunders. He thinks the old ways of life are better, back when a man couldnt be corrupted as easily as they are now. Such glorification of the past is a characteristic of modernism. In the poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. Eliot, Prufrock is on his way to tell a girl how much he loves her. But on his way, he thinks about all the bad things that could happen if he told her; not once did ...

Website Migration Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Website Migration Project - Term Paper Example To ensure the success of this project, the execution of the project is done by strictly following the system development life cycle (SDLC). System development life cycles ensures that the user and functional requirements of any project are met. Using the system development life cycle, there is standardization and structuring of all process involved in the system development. Using these standardized and structured processes, the development of any given system in stages which follow the route of feasibility study, planning of the system, development of concept, designing, development of the system, system integration, system testing, and finally system deployment and maintenance are achieved. This paper is aimed at providing a viable solution that will facilitate moving a website from external servers to internal servers with minimum downtime, redesigning of the existing website to incorporate more functionalities, designing a viable plan that can be used as a disaster recovery solution in cases of future failures. The process employs all the phases of system development life cycle to ensure efficient execution of the project. System development life cycle phases’ use is to facilitate execution of the project in the shortest time possible using a structured manner, despite the fact that web development process is unstructured. The project will focus on the legibility and coherence of the website. Coherence ensures users of the website are able to navigate through the site with ease, and also, the users are able to understand the content of the website, i.e. understandability. The websites legibility focus on making the website distinctive and memorable to the users. Moreover, the systems scalability, robustness and modifiability are addressed. Putting together all design purposes and the above stated factors, the structured development process will follow a defined route as outlined below. From the description given

Creative assignment in historical imagination founded on historical Essay

Creative assignment in historical imagination founded on historical research - Essay Example On arriving in America, zuli found out that life was different from what she expected. English was the national language in the country yet she did not know how to speak or write even a word. This factor limited her chances of getting a job, and she had to stay at her friend’s place. Zuli explains how she subjected herself to discrimination and pain in order to feed her mouth despite the hopes that she had before leaving home. The pain includes engaging in prostitution in order to eat and pay rent. The woman says that obedience is the essential factor to a successful life, and she advises the youth to learn to uphold the moral. This is because her disobedience bore bitter fruits, and she lost everything that she had hoped for in the end. Aunt chingcha was my role model from when I was a kid because of her hard-working character. Chingcha grew in Hong Kong, the same town where I grew up, but she moved to the Gold Mountain when she reached twenty in 1845. The gold town was a pla ce where people got well-paying jobs and owned land (Ahmad 95) contrary to my country. These are the characteristics that made people from my country call it the Gold Mountain. Everyone in my town was interested in moving to America to get rich and come back. The road to America was, however, not easy because only few people managed to go there and bring richness to their families. The journey to the land used to take one month, and on arrival, some immigrants, especially women would be sent back for reasons such as sickness (Spickard 102). Aunt Chingcha was among the few that managed to land in America, and she used to send us some of the money that she earned as a sewer in San Fransisco. I was interested in moving to the Gold Mountain just like other people, but I was scared. One of the factors that scared me was my family. My father said that he would not allow me to leave because I had to take care of my younger brother while my mum worked. He also said that he wanted me to lear n art as it was a tradition in my country. My aunt also told us that there was discrimination in America despite the high income and freedom. I could hear a voice inside my heart telling me that I would be successful like my aunt, only if I overcame my fear and went to the Gold Mountain. My friend Zuela helped me to overcome the fear inside me, and soon we escaped and went to America in 1855; by then, I was twenty years old. I did not care whether my parents would be worried about me neither did I mind the discrimination in America. All that I wanted was to work and send my parents money to pay my brother’s school fees. I also knew that I would come back and die in my country so that I would be buried near my ancestors (Lakos 35). When I arrived in America, I found out that I could hardly read or write English, which was the main language in America. This meant that I would not get employed easily like my friend Zuela, who got employed at a garment factory in California. We l ived in a shanty room that Zuela rent for five dollars a month as I searched for a job. One day as I went out searching as usual, I found a Chinese woman who I talked to, and she asked me to follow her because she would help me find a job. Her name was Chungxi and she came from Hong Kong, but her parents sold her in America so that they would get income to purchase necessities. Chungxi fled from Kansas where she was sold and became a prostitute in

Examine the character of Sir Gawain as shown in the romance Sir Gawain Essay

Examine the character of Sir Gawain as shown in the romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight - Essay Example seem to contain elements that are anti-Arthurian, ultimately the story should be probably best be taken as a stepping stone toward parody; that is, the story of Gawain exists in relation between the traditional tales and the contemporary retellings as a method for humanizing the impossible ideal of chivalric knighthood while at the same time retaining the heroic qualities inherent in them. The stories of King Arthur and his knights have been around so long, and been burned so insistently into human consciousness that even today a movie called King Arthur can be advertised with the tagline â€Å"The Untold True Story That Inspired The Legend† (Internet Movie Database) and nobody bats an eye. While legend is generally thought to be based upon a long forgotten fact, the specifics of the legend rarely correspond to any actual fact. In a sense, Gawain may be representative of this split between the fact and the fiction. The story seems more infused with supernatural qualities than most stories of the Arthurian legend and are also clearly meant to be read with an eye toward Christian allegory, such as the beginning of the story taking place around Christmas, Gawain’s solitary trek into the wilderness to face evil, and other aspects (Andrade). If the story is meant to be taken as Christian allegory, then Gawain’s reduction toward simple humanity rather t han chivalric ideal makes perfect sense. The Christian religion does not allow for perfection among humanity; that right is reserved solely for God. Yet, we are all inspired to reach for perfection and that is what Gawain tries to do throughout the story. In his celibacy and in his sacrifice of himself for the honor of the court, Gawain is very much trying to attain a Christ-like position. That he fails by yielding to minor temptations makes him all the more human, yet also delivers him from the fate of parody. and the Destruction of Ideals† Koster compares the story of Gawain to the film Monty Python and

Pepsi Operations Management Problems

Pepsi Operations Management Problems Operations management is considered as an important division of study equally in the corporate world in addition to in academics. Reference to academics, operations management, is a central part of in the curriculum of management studies. In the other words, it could be seen as the theoretical base that a particular manager or else an executive desires to deal with the issues of the company are taught in the curriculum. The subject; Operations management is again a key part in an organization or business (Sweet, Franklyn H. 1964, pp 89-90). A full-blown department or section of the organization is allocated to take care of this need of the organization or business. Additionally to this, concern is kept that the issues that the organizations face in the subject of operations department or section is resolved at the earliest, as a result that the production and as well as quality of the products that go out of the company does not obstruct the development and image of the organization or business. Operations management studies the internal working and work process of a company. Indeed it could be said that the planning, producing and making of the products of the organization or business is smoothen by a range of processes of the operations department or section of any organization or business (Sweet, Franklyn H. 1964, pp 89-90). The technical aspects of an organization or business are looked after of by the operations management of that organization. Indeed every single one of organizations and firms has operations management officers and full-blown departments to take care of this aspect of the company. Thus, an organization or business tends to take up the marketing strategies that make an important part of the operations management. Scholars and market analysts are already having conducted bundle of studies and researches in operations management field and have established that the principles and theories of operations management and strategies are well-match ed in any organization or business and in any sector (Ackoff, R., Rivett, P. (1963), pp. 45-77). In the 18th century, it could be seen the introduction of the operations management theory. Later on also in the entire of Industrial Revolution, a variety of new theories of operations management and other ideals were used. These ideas allow to a huge increase in the business of organizations or businesses and all at once ensure that the a variety of approaches developed as a part of the operations management theories were utilized by the organization. Out of a lot of sub theories and approaches that were made as part of operations management are; Waltham-Lowell system, Assembly line practice, etc. As well as this, the scientific management and the development of the theories and principles of the operations management systems make certain that these help the organization leads success and flourish (Ackoff and Rivett, 1963). One of such organization found in the United Kingdom that is one of the well known brands in terms of taste and quality and many moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This organization was suffered huge losses due to miss-management and issues in the operations management section. The company is the renowned beverage maker Pepsi Company. This is a world renowned name in the field of carbonated beverage industries. Pepsi advanced to be one of the most recent kinds of confectioneries (O Sullivan, N., Wong, P. (1991), pp.139-55). Pepsi Company is today identified as one of the most trusted brands, due to the strategic planning and management and marketing strategies that it has been utilizing since long ago. As a result, it could be said that the operations department of Pepsi Company has to play a key role in the establishment of the Pepsi brand as one of the most adamantine names in this sector. On the other hand, even such a well-defined operations department of Pepsi Company was unable to handle the q uality of the Cadbury products (Sweet, Franklyn H. 1964, pp 89-90). There was news in the many of Medias that the Pepsi Cola was contaminated with pesticides. This rumor spread out everywhere in the world like a wildfire. This carelessness by the operations department of Pepsi Company exaggerated the organization in terms of money value and as well as in terms of loss of brand trust and brand name (Peters, T. and Waterman, R. 1982, pp. 12-23). This to be sure came as a distress to the whole nation as nobody has expected that yet the highly trusted brands like Pepsi can have never faced such as issue. All the world was sensitized at this, as this played as a chance for other competitive brands to build solid place in the market and as well as for new brands to panic. Therefore this dilemma of the Pepsi Company and it become more aware of the significant of quality and a better operations management department or section (Sweet, Franklyn H. 1964, pp 89-90). An brief explanation of the process at issue in the Pepsi group and the process map Even though the finding of pesticide residuals in the Pepsi Cola was world news and it was in progress being forbidden in most of the places. All stock of Pepsi Cola was in custody. Those in the factories were stopped from coming out of the company (Sweet, Franklyn H. 1964, pp 89-90). This made question for the already on hand operations management procedures that would be utilized and prominent in the Cola industry. This also insisted on the management of Pepsi Cola to consider of the processes which already existed in the company. As well the quality assurances of the processes in addition to the legitimacy of these processes were under issue and evaluated. Pepsi Cola has at all times levied importance in the maintenance and updating of the quality processes that were already existing in the organization. The quality processes that were being utilized were under strict monitoring and test out. While this problem relating to the quality of Pepsi Cola came up, after that an indicatio n of the process map started taking shape (Chaffee, 1985). The range of processes that already existed in the organization is given below: Manufacturing of soft drink: In the beginning the ingredients necessary for making the soft drink are prepared to be available. These ingredients are consisted with vanilla beans, flavor oils, kola nuts and sweeteners. Strict care was paid that these items are best in the quality and that the water utilized in it are distilled and free of all impurities (Chaffee, 1985). Transferring to the packaging house: subsequent to the soft drink is all set; there are taken to the packaging places in cans (Chaffee, 1985). Special attention is also taken in carrying on these steps, as not any chemicals are mixed with the soft drink. So that the amount of soda in soft drink is not changed. As well as this, the greatest technology is utilized at this stage to make sure that the quality remains unchanged as that are while in manufacturing (Chaffee, 1985). Packaging: This is the third step that also requires best care of maintaining the quality of the soft drink. It is made sure that the sealing of the Pepsi Cola cans are such that they are air tight and there is not any chance of leakage. As well as this, the cartons, caps and the CO2 used to carbonate soft drinks are in the optimum quantity. Special care is put in carbonating the drink as the actual quality if the soft drink depends on the carbonating. Special equipment and tools are brought in use to take out the cans. Pepsi Storage: highest care is also put in the storage of the cans. As it was believed that while under the store, the cans were run over by rats and other small insects. This might be caused a variety of diseases to the people. It is ensure that the cans are packaged properly and machines do the shifting and storing of the cans before they are sent to the retailers and stores (Peters and Waterman, 1982) Analysis of the Problem It is easy to analysis of the problems, if the problems are listed or displayed in such a manner that they can be easily read, then the can be easily studied (Peters and Waterman, 1982). Therefore, high care would be taken that the analysis of the problems is easy. The various measures that require to be taken to solve the problem. This systematic resolving of problems is very important so that the problems are first broken down in to smaller sections so that their root causes can be traced (Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). Ideas Generation Ideas generation is very important to resolve the problem. As an example, the processes that are to be taken for the modification of the problems are first break down and then the ideas are generated as part of the tea or at personal levels that would help in the resolving of the issues. Such thinking is results in cropping up of excellent and effective ideas so that the problems are addressed in a improved way and the root causes of the problems are identified. Ideas testing Generation of ideas in important but the process does not end there. After the listing and jotting down of the ideas, they are tested whether the ideas can prove helpful in solving the problems. In addition to that, the stages in which the ideas are to be used also differed and so they should not be implemented without testing the (Peters and Waterman, 1982). Thus, the effectiveness of these ideas is first tested and then depending on the results, they are finally implemented. The testing of ideas is more like a pilot survey that is made because the actual implementation of the ideas. This helps in gauging the effects of the implementation of the ideas in solving the problems beforehand (Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). Without testing of ideas, it is not generally used directly in any organization. Implementing Ideas Testing the ideas give an idea of the kind of feedback that will be generated after the ideas are actually implemented. Thus after this pilot study the results is first analyzed and if the results are as desired, the ideas are implemented (Peters, T. and Waterman, R. 1982, pp. 12-23). After the implementation of the ideas, it is clear that the operations program can now be tacked such that the organization does not face similar problems again in future. Checking the Results This is the last and the finals stage of the implementation of the TQM techniques. Although the ideas were first tested for their potential results and the implemented, a check is always required at the final stage. Thus, even after the implementation of the ideas to solve the operational problems, a check is required to gauge the results of the implementation of the ideas. After getting the results after implementing the ideas, an assessment or evaluation of the results is done. This gives a feedback of the effectiveness of the ideas and helps decide whether the ideas are needed for the future processes or not. Fish bone theory Developing the fish bone theory and the fish bone diagram was done by Kaoru Ishikawa. It is seen that because this theory was developed by her, the theory was also known as Ishikawa diagram. The root of this theory is that problems need to analyze by jotting down the problems on a sheet of paper and then relating it to the cause and the effect (Heskett, 1989). This theory was later in used by various disciplined and branches of academic studied. The fish bone diagram now forms an important part of management studies and ensures that the problems that an organization faces is first jotted down and then analyzed. This gives the problems a pictorial looks and thus ensures an easy and clear understanding of the problems. This diagram when seen after the completion gives an impression of being drawn on the model of a fish. In fact the diagram is of the shape of a fish. A spine of the fish is drawn and this the plane in which the problems are written extending towards the outer sides. The problems are jotted along the sides giving an impression that these are the bones of the fish (Peters, and Waterman, 1982). This pictorial representation makes the understanding of the problems easy. In addition, while listing the problems they are started form the grassroots level and decided into various categories. For example, the various categories of the organization that might be responsible for the operation problems cropping up in the organization are decided and then the problems that can be placed in these areas are listed. This gives a clear impression of the problems and when this is presented before the higher management, it become easy for them to link the cause and effect and then work towards solving the problem. In addition to this another important reason because of which the fish bone theory acts as an important tool in the analysis of the operations problems is that it divided the problems into smaller sub sections. This makes the problem seem easy as when a problem is bigger no way to break that down is found. However, when the problems got broken into smaller parts they seem easy. In addition to this, the linking of the problem to the cause an effect also makes the problems easy to identify. Another pertinent reason that recommends the use of the fish bone theory is that it is generally made in a group. Thus it cats as a medium through which various ideas and knowledge of different people are channelized into one single chart (Peters and Waterman, 1982). Thus the chart itself is very informative as the opinion of people from different experiences and history A comparison of the theory with the actual practice in the Pepsi Company It was seen that the fish bone diagram and the TQM techniques gave an idea of the various problems that Pepsi faced. In addition to this, the Fish bone diagram also listed the various strategies tat are already part of the Pepsi group. These theories hint that the operational department of Pepsi had taken up strict measures for maintaining the quality of the products of Pepsi. However, it is seen that there still were loop hole in these processes because of which there were issues in the quality of the Pepsi Company. The various loopholes in the processes that were although defined in the guideline and quality assurance of the Pepsi Company but were not followed in practice are given below: 1. Although various hi tech machines were used for the purification of the water that us being used in the production of Pepsi, there was issues in the quality of the water. When an investigation committee was set up to discuss the reason that led to the finding of pesticides in the packaged cans of Pepsi, it was found put that the ground water was found to be contaminated (Kearney, 1992). Various water purifiers are available in the Pepsi Company and they boost of use of high boiling canisters that free the water. In fact the quality process of Pepsi says that not filtered but distilled water is used for preparing the soft drink. Had this process be really followed in reality Pepsi would have not suffered huge losses and spoiled the name and reputation of the organization. Thus it was seen that purification of water was one miss match where Pepsi did not keep up the quality assurance stages that was streamlines in its work plan (Kearney,1992). 2. It has been defined in the work plan of the organization that the store and the factory where the soft drink has to be manufactured are free from all types of temperature and humidity issues. In fact, the organization showed that various new and improved storage canisters and rooms have been specifically designed so that the soft drink after manufacturing is placed in better stores before they are packaged. However, this process was not maintained properly and it was later inferred that the machines and storage room that were made were not of the required quality. This made the soft drink being alter in their chemical composition in the high temperature differences in various countries. Thus, owing to theism there were chemical reactions and microbes were able to breed in them and thus contaminate this (Kearney, 1992). 3. Although the Pepsi Company says that they have hygienic and special ceils to store the soft drink for long time till they are finally packaged and delivered, they did not take proper measures to make this practically happen. It was seen that after the Pepsi was manufactured they not stored in hygienic and cold storages. This change in temperature and the unhygienic conditions of the theories led to the contamination of Pepsi. 4. Although Pepsi boost of having a very well trained staff, they failed to provide proper quality management training to their staff and employees. Owing to this they were unaware of ensuring that none of the variation in temperature level, etc should be done as it drastically affects the quality of the drinks (Kearney, 1992). The employees and crew of the Pepsi Company being unaware, ignorant and negligent of these issues ended up in contaminating the drink. Consideration of its impact on quality and/or customer focus These problems definitely had a greater impact on the organization. Pepsi was a bigger name in the beverage industry and none of the companies were as popular as it is and give it tough competition. However, with the spread of the new of the Pepsi drink containing pesticides, this acted as a major loss to the organization. Pepsi was banned in all colleges and school on the United Kingdom. In addition to this, various factories of Pepsi were seized and the drink that was already prepared was seized. This new also spread in other parts of the world. In fact all countries stopped the selling of the Pepsi. In addition this affect in the business, the customers also got sensitized by this new. They themselves became much aware of the contamination and abstained from drinking this drink (Kearney, 1992). They also barred their friends and children from having this drink. This indeed acted as a great set back to the Pepsi Company and destroyed its business. In addition to that the trust that it had managed to create among the people was lost. Even till date many people avoid drinking the Pepsi products as the shock that they got regarding its contamination is not out of their minds still. Recommendations After studying and analyzing the principles in the operational management department of Pepsi co, one of clear of the problems that the organization was facing and the reasons that led to these problems were identified. Thus, the various recommendations that can be given to the Pepsi co group are as follows: 1. It can be inferred that most of the problems that cropped up regarding the quality of the products is due to the negligence of the employees. It was seen that the staff and crew that were part of the manufacturing department were not well trained and well skilled. Owing to this they did not understand the importance of maintaining accurate temperature and pressure. They did nit understand that minor changes in the level of temperature and pressure while purifying the water etc can lead to drastic disasters as it happen in the case of Pepsi. Thus Pepsi must ensure that all their staff is properly trained before they become part of the manufacturing and operational team of the company (Kearney, 1992). 2. The company should also understand that when the product that they are producing are consumable items special care is taken that they are hygienic and do not cause any health hazards. This is because a slight negligence on the part of the company may lead to severe results on the health problem and thus in turn may be disastrous to the life of the company and they may even end up losing their license. Thus, Pepsi should ensure that the machines that they are using in the production and purifying of water should be the best of quality. More and more high quality machines need to be brought to test the presence of microbes and other such organization and at the lowest possible level (Chaffee, 1985). 3. Quality assurance is an important part of the operational management department in Pepsi. This department has to take up the responsibility of ensuring that the products of the organization are best of the quality and that they are passed through various rounds of quality checks such that the products that finally pass out of the organization are best of the quality (Chaffee, 1985). 4. The management also has to be sensitized towards this cause. They have to ensure that the work process of the organization needs to be changed as there are loopholes in the process. And the loop holes are such that they resulted in blunders foe the organization, Thus, the management needs to incorporate more levels of quality checks and ensure that there is strictly monitoring at all levels. Conclusion Thus, it is seen that Pepsi faced several problems due to the negligence by the operational management department. In addition to this there were various other problems that led to such huge loss of eh organization (Chaffee, 1985). However with various theories and approaches of the management of the organization, the main problems that the organization faced were identified. In addition to the identification, the methods and theories that need to be used in order to rectify these problems are highlighted. It is through the use of these theories that Pepsi was able to regain its lost trust and business.

John Updikes A & P Essay -- John Updike A & P Social Class Wealth Ess

John Updike's A & P At first read, John Updike's 'A & P' contrasts old and new; the old manager in his settled life conflicting with the new age of girls wearing bathing suits in buildings. All the while, the narrator stuck in the middle, finally deciding to join the side of new, or youth. Instead of old vs. new, an observation closer to the heart of the story is conflict between the worlds of the rich and the middle class. ?A & P? is the setting for one man to decide in which way he will seek to follow his life, standing on his own two feet and treating everyone as equals, or bowing before the wealthy, and searching for his own riches above all else. In walk three girls into a grocery store in bathing suits. They?re far enough away from the beach that it is customary for them to be wearing more clothes. Their actions are deliberate and exaggerated; they came in the store to buy one item, but that was not their purpose for being there. It?s easy to extract from the story that the girls stood out in many ways, money being an important one. Updike presents Sam the cashier as thinking, ?Her father and the other men were standing around in ice-cream coats and bow ties and the women were in sandals picking up herring snacks on toothpicks off a big glass plate and they were all holding drinks the color of water with olives and sprigs of mint in them.? Sam?s impression of the girls was obviously that they came from wealth, something that he could not claim of himself. And although he outwardly admired their bodies, he was really admiring their wealth. The girls walked in and by the lack of conformity of their dress, immediately they set a different tone within the store. They walked the wrong way down isles and paid no att... ...o become what they are, so that he can walk around and have others treat him with respect above others. In ?A & P? John Updike gives a story of a man faced with two choices for his life in a seemingly unimportant circumstance. He can stand up for himself and for his rules, as his manager encourages him to do so. But as the story goes, he remains oblivious to the forces at work, and decides to bend his will to three girls in bathing suits, or more generally, to those who have the power and nobility of wealth behind them. Sam makes the wrong choice, and subsequently, makes the rest of his life more difficult, as he admits that he must life his life under another class of people, the wealthy, as though he is less than them. By admitting that he is less than them, Sam has started to live his life not for the happiness he can obtain, but for the wealth he can obtain.

Despite the Potential Advantages

Discuss the proposition that despite the potential advantages of formal strategic planning approaches, it is of limited benefit to organisations operating in uncertain and dynamic environments. About this discussion, I would like to introduce two steps. First step, I want to introduce the potential advantages of formal strategic planning approaches. Then I will introduce the second step: some important reasons about the formal strategic planning is of limited benefit to organisations operating in uncertain and dynamic environments.Finally, the main purpose of this paper is to prove the formal strategic planning is of limited benefit to organisations operating in uncertain and dynamic environments. My conclusion will emphasize it again. First, how should we understand the formal strategic planning? The objective of the formal strategic planning is to convey that a company’s strategic planning process includes specific systematic procedures used to gain the involvement and commi tment of those principal stakeholders affected by the plan (J. Richard Falshaw, Keith W.Glaister, Ekrem Tatoglu, 2006). What is the purpose of strategic planning? Generally, formal Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to carry on this strategy. In order to determine the direction of the organization, it is necessary to know its current position and the possible ways through which it can pursue a particular course of action strategic planning do with at least one of three key questions: â€Å"What do we do? † â€Å"For whom do we do it? † and â€Å"How do we excel? (J. Scott Armstrong, 1986) OK, I have a simple introduction about the character and purpose of formal strategic planning. Then we must make clear about the structure about formal strategic planning approaches. There is common view about strategic planning researchers that the strategic planning process consist s of three major parts: (1) Formulation (which includes developing a mission, setting major objectives, assessing the external and internal environments, and evaluating and selecting strategy alternatives). (2) Implementation. (3) Control. J. Richard Falshaw, Keith W. Glaister, Ekrem Tatoglu, 2006). Some famous formal strategic planning approaches include SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats), Balanced Scorecards, Scenario planning, PEST analysis  (Political,  Economic,  Social, and  Technological), STEER analysis (Socio-cultural,  Technological,  Economic,  Ecological, and  Regulatory factors). What are potential advantages of formal strategic planning approaches? Generally, formal planning has these advantages: 1. Formal plans represent a useful standard. . It is fully formulated; communicated plan is an important motivational device. 3. The analysis and survey by all those participating in the planning process is useful and can improve the companies' understanding of it's position. 4. Plans which swift actions in anticipation of future changes in the environment is a better approach to strategic management than an advertisement to events. Take me for example, for 20 years, contradictions between the planning and process schools of strategy have shaped the debate on strategy planning.Here we illustrate that a scenario-based approach to strategic planning can serve as a new management tool in the field with the potential to overcome differences between the two opposing schools of strategy. The scenario-based approach to strategic planning builds on the strengths of traditional scenario planning. It is an open and creative approach that considers many strategy options and takes multiple perspectives into account. Synchronously, it overcomes the weaknesses of traditional scenario planning by offering a systematic process to scenario creation that is built on specific management tools and is easy to implement.The outco me of this approach is an important strategy that is complemented by several strategic options derived from different scenarios (Torstenwulf Philip Meissner and Stephan Stabner , 2010). Torstenwulf Philip Meissner and Stephan Stabner (2010) illustrate the benefits of scenario-based approach using experience gained in a consulting project in the German photovoltaic industry. And they further proof that the approach can thus be used in an extremely flexible way to account for the increasing volatility of environmental developments.These advantages of our approach are apparent in the illustrative case study presented. By combining traditional scenario planning, strategic thinking, real-option reasoning and strategic planning, this approach makes the intricacy, dynamics and volatility of the current business world manageable. On the other hand, the approach can be applied for different time horizons. Our project experience leads us to believe that the approach increases the effectivenes s and efficiency with which strategic planning can be conducted in practice (Torstenwulf Philip Meissner and Stephan Stabner , 2010).I have illustrated Torstenwulf Philip Meissner and Stephan Stabner’s research about Scenario planning, so we can make clear about the potential advantages of formal strategic planning approaches. About the limited benefit to organisations operating in uncertain and dynamic environments, I think there is a lot of evidence to prove this case. The major change for managers is guaranteeing competitiveness as well as profit capacity for their companies in turbulent environments. The rate of change in the business setting has never been as fast as it is currently (Grant, 2003).In Torstenwulf Philip Meissner and Stephan Stabner’s research, they also think What formal strategic planning seems to be lacking most is the flexibility and open system that allow for the responsiveness and creation required in dynamic, complex and uncertain environments (Torstenwulf Philip Meissner and Stephan Stabner , 2010). In the environment of globalization, the world is changing more and more rapidly. Managers must face a series of unexpected events. For example, like financial crisis, economic downturn and Arab Spring. Each incident and formal strategic planning approaches in test managers.In the past, plan researchers have not concentrated on uncertain settings. The majority of the existing devices in strategic management unreservedly presume a benign environment that is basic yet not very dynamic. (Harrington, Lawton and Rajwani, 2005). For firms to thrive in an uncertain future, they have to develop realistic strategies on the basis of many options that react to the prerequisites of various likely futures opposed to one strategic guarantee. (Grant, 2003). So how to treat the formal strategic planning is of limited benefit to organisations operating in uncertain and dynamic environments?In this essay, â€Å"A causal analysis of formal st rategic planning and firm performance: Evidence from an emerging country†, the nature of the external environment (difference from very uncertain and unstable to certain and stable) will influence the organization structure made by the companies. It is argued that in uncertain and dynamic environments the most effective organization structures start to be more organic when in stable and more certain environments more artificial structures will be received (Keith W. Glaister et al, 2008).Although some studies have found that certain parts of strategic planning are relative with performance, theory also predicts that these relations will be influenced by external environment. If one of the purposes of strategic planning is to point the organization in its association with the external environment, so organizations that precisely project and estimated environmental changes should display an extraordinary or specific level of performance. In this sense strategic planning may be mo re useful in an uncertain environment than a calm one.So the relative between planning and performance may be stronger in an uncertain environment, and weaker in a calm environment. There exist, however, some opposite arguments that strategic planning is more likely to have a positive influence on firm performance in relatively less uncertain environments where future conditions are easier to anticipate(J. Richard Falshaw, Keith W. Glaister, Ekrem Tatoglu, 2006 ). About a company's future development, the external environment of the strategic analysis is very important. Robert M.Grant referred this point in his essay â€Å"Strategic Planning in a Turbulent Environment: Evidence from the Oil Majors†, First, a view of the external environment: This typically included guidance as to some characters of energy markets over the planning period? -For demand, supply, prices, and margins? -which were not so much forecasts as a set of assumptions relating to prices and supply and deman d conditions that provided a common basis for strategic planning across the firms. Second, corporate management provided most direction to the planning process through a statement of priorities, guidelines, and expectations.A key part of this direction was setting company wide performance targets (e. g. , ‘raise return on capital employed to 12%,' ‘reduce costs per barrel by 10%,' ‘a 110% reserve replacement rate,' ‘reduce the ratio of debt to equity ratio to 25% by 2000'). Guidance often concern to resource allocation, e. g. , ‘to shift investment from downstream to upstream,' ‘to refocus on core businesses,' ‘to take advantage of opportunities in China and East Asia,' ‘to increase the proportion of gas in our hydrocarbon reserves (Grant, 2003).In the process of management of the company, what is the role of analytical formal planning in dynamic environment? Different people have different views; Grant thought strategic planning is a responsible. Increasing volatility and indeterminacy of the external environment was accompanied by two changes in strategic planning responsibilities: first, a shift of decision-making responsibility from corporate to business-level managers; second, a shift of planning responsibilities from planning staff to line managers (Grant, 2003).There is other view; Hamel and Prahalad argue that the role of strategy should be not adapting an existing industry structure but rather to change it. † They see the role of competitive creation as identifying the orthodoxy in a present strategy and redefining the terms of engagement to exploit this orthodoxy. And the emerging Infocom mega-industry provides an interesting laboratory for testing the adequacy of existing frameworks for competitive strategy. They are not designed to deal with the kind of turbulence that we are witnessing in this industry.Strategists may have to assume a low role in dealing with turbulence. When being a pioneer an d an innovator will help, it is not enough. Investing in and growing a customer base can strengthen the chances of success, but success in the end is determined by industry forces outside the companies' control. â€Å"Co with the flow† is not an inspiring strategy but perhaps the best a company can do when face turbulence (Chakravarthy B, 1997). Each method is not a panacea.Although formal strategic planning approaches have many advantages, it also makes limited benefit, like Scenario planning. However, the approach has only been applied in a few companies to date. Therefore, research on a larger scale is necessary to determine the performance of the scenario-based approach to strategic planning (Torstenwulf Philip Meissner and Stephan Stabner , 2010). Evidence of the impact of environmental turbulence upon strategic planning is limited. Cross sectional studies have produced contradictory findings.Long evidence is fragmented, but more consistent: in response to increasing env ironmental turbulence, strategic planning systems actually have changed from the highly formalized processes of the 1960s and 1970s (Grant, 2003). In conclusion, formal strategic planning approaches indeed have a huge potential advantage. Some famous formal strategic planning approaches include SWOT analysis, Balanced Scorecards, Scenario planning, PEST analysis and STEER analysis have many advantages. If companies do not have strategic planning, it is bound to be about to disappear.If companies ignore the strategic planning, it is bound to be lagging behind the development of enterprise. According to previous research and study about strategic planning, strategic planning can mobilize workers to actively increase the cohesion. It also can make enterprises competitive mechanism enhanced. Strategic planning can be summed insufficient and the shortfall, it is an important measure in the steady development of enterprises. I've used a lot of evidence fully proved these points.About the formal strategic planning is of limited benefit to organisations operating in uncertain and dynamic environments, I also have used many evidences and examples to prove it. In general, with the development of the times, companies as an open system, it focuses on the external environmental factors there will be more and more, more and more diversified development trend, and thus the external environment faced by the enterprise will become more complex and uncertain. Even Scenario planning, Torstenwulf Philip Meissner and Stephan Stabner have pointed it had many potential advantages.They also said,in an increasingly complex, dynamic and volatile world ,Scenario planning has only been applied in a few companies to date (Torstenwulf Philip Meissner and Stephan Stabner , 2010). Finally, I must emphasize once again, in the environment of globalization, the world is changing more and more rapidly. Managers must face a series of unexpected events. In a word, formal strategic planning approac hes indeed have many potential advantages; it is of limited benefit to organisations operating in uncertain and dynamic environments.References J. Richard Falshaw, Keith W. Glaister, Ekrem Tatoglu, â€Å" Evidence on formal strategic planning and company performance† (2006) Management Decision, Vol. 44 Iss: 1 pp. 9 – 30 Hugh G. Courtney, Jane Kirkland, and S. Patrick Viguerie, â€Å"Strategy under uncertainty†. (1994) Keith W. Glaister, Omer Dincer, Ekrem Tatoglu, Mehmet Demirbag, Selim Zaim, (2008),†A causal analysis of formal strategic planning and firm performance: Evidence from an emerging country†, Management Decision, Vol. 46 Iss: 3 pp. 365 -391 Robert M.Grant â€Å"Strategic Planning in a Turbulent Environment: Evidence from the Oil Majors† Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, No. 6 (Jun. , 2003), pp. 491-517 Selsky et al. , 2007. Contrasting Perspectives on Strategy Making in Hyper Environments. Organization Studies, 28(1), pp. 71-94 . J. Scott Armstrong (1986). â€Å"The Value of Formal Planning for Strategic Decisions: A Reply† Strategic Management Journal  7: 183–185. Chakravarthy B, ‘A New Strategy Framework for Coping with Turbulence’ Sloan Management Review, Winter 1997Torstenwulf Philip Meissner and Stephan Stabner â€Å" A scenario-based Approach to Strategic Planning-Integrating Planning and Process Perspective of strategy† (2010) http://www. scenariomanagement. de/fileadmin/user_upload/Scenario-based_strategic_planning_WP. pdf Harrington, D. , Lawton, T. &Rajwani, T. 2005. Embracing and Exploiting Industry Turbulence: The Strategic Transformation of Aer Lingus. European Management Journal, 23(4), pp. 450–457. Bibliography Johnson G, Scholes K, Whittington R, Exploring Corporate Strategy 8th Edition, 2008 – Chapter 2 Campbell D, Edgar D, Stonehouse G, Business Strategy 3rd Edition, 2011, Palgrave – Ch 3

Business Weekly Assi. #14 Example

Business Weekly Assi. #14 Example Business Weekly Assi. #14 – Essay Example Visual Clichà ©s A clichà © is described in the dictionary as a trite phase or expression and a hackneyed theme, characterization or situation. A visual clichà © is a clichà © shown visually in the form of pictures. They are usually based on easily recognized or familiar cues which can be interpreted by majority.Avoiding Visual Clichà ©s Visual clichà ©s are something that cannot be avoided entirely but they need to be avoided as much as possible. The reason is that for avoiding them a person needs to have a very original and unique approach to visualizing and showing things or another way to avoid is to explore an area which is new to people therefore showing a unique point of view to new things. Repeatedly, we have been told to avoid clichà ©s because clichà ©s repeatedly, tend to make a person accepting things just the way they are. This effectively kills the creativity of a person and encourages laziness if nothing else comes to mind. Visual clichà ©s can very rightly be portrayed an old man with sagging eyes, worn knees and feet pointing in a circular direction since they don’t lead anywhere. They just lead us in circles showing the same old things over and over in slightly different ways making it same as everyone else’s.For the creativity and originality to come forward and for us to create and show new things with a unique and dynamic perspective is what is required in present times of visual progress, therefore avoiding any sort of clichà ©s is important by all. "ClichÃÆ' © - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary."  Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2012. Davis, Mike. "How do you avoid making a  clichà ©? - Blog - Picture Editor : Photography Consultant : Mentor : Mike Davis."  Home - Picture Editor : Photography Consultant : Mentor : Mike Davis. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2012. Weintraub, David. "Eye on Image-Making: Visual Clichà ©s | Black Star Rising."  Bl ack Star Rising: Photography and Design. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2012.

An Came First

An Came First An Came First An Came First By Maeve Maddox A reader writes: I propose that an was invented to prevent us from having to interrupt the flow of speech. And it still fills that purpose before unaccented first syllables starting with h. This comment suggests that the indefinite article form an developed from the form a as a means of facilitating pronunciation. Unlike Esperanto, English is not an invented language, but the product of more than a thousand years of development. An was not invented to facilitate the flow of language. Neither did it begin its life as â€Å"an indefinite article.† It started out as a numeric adjective. The English indefinite article a/an derives from the Old English word for one: ane. The word was written ane, anne, aenne and aene in its various declensions. As it evolved into our modern indefinite article, sometimes it signified the number one and sometimes the article a. For example, in an OE version of the New Testament parable of the workmen who are all paid the same for different amounts of work, the owner of the vineyard pays them â€Å"anne pening,† that is, â€Å"one penny.† In the account of the voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan, Ohthere refers to Skiringssal as â€Å"an port,† that is, â€Å"a port.† Even in modern usage, the article a/an can be used in the sense of â€Å"one,† as in, â€Å"I’ll have a hamburger, a cherry Coke, and two orders of fries.† Like the reader whose comment prompted this post, some modern speakers feel that that an â€Å"still fills [a] purpose before unaccented first syllables starting with h.† According to a note in the OED, â€Å"many (perhaps most) writers down to the 19th century retained an before sounded h and some even before eu, u, as â€Å"an historian,† â€Å"an euphonic vowel,† and â€Å"an united appeal.† Most modern usage guides, however, recommend a. That’s not to say that you can’t say â€Å"an historic† if you want to. Related posts: A Useful Reminder About An A Historic vs. An Historic Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingConfused Words #3: Lose, Loose, Loss25 Idioms with Clean

Propery Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Propery Law - Case Study Example Mr. Jackson bought the property without even seeing it before payment was made. He relied entirely on Alex and Rogers Co. to advise him on his purchase from Damian Brown and the internet sales photographs and details of the property. Alex completed the transaction on his behalf over the summer. While Alex and Mr. Anderson were out in their office, Mr. Jackson went to their office and made a complaint over the property he bought. The secretary of Mr.Anderson wrote down the following complaints of Mr.Jackson. He is horrified to find several serious problems at the property of which he was totally unaware until now:- Jeremy Smith (son of new neighbour Mrs Smith) seems to have taken over 5 acres of the land belonging to Glebe House (and now to Mr Jackson) and is treating it as it as his own. He says he has done so for years and has no intention of stopping. Mrs Smith is complaining about the fact that Mr Jackson has applied for planning permission to change Glebe House into a conference centre and says that it is in breach of a covenant entered into several years ago between her father and Mr Brown whereby Glebe house and land were transferred on condition that there would be no business use on the property. A note was pushed through the letter box at Glebe House from a "Cheryl Armitage" claiming to be Damion Brown's fiance and wanting the return of her "investment" in Glebe House forthwith. She is contacting her solicitor. Valuable items have been taken from the property ( presumably by the seller) including: -Valuable artwork depicting the history of Glebe house -A set of garden statues -Kitchen display wall cabinets forming part of the fitted Kitchen 1) What are the rights of Mr. Anderson over the property 2) What are the liabilities, if any, of Alex and Mr. Anderson in this case 3) What are the effects of the covenant between Mrs. Smith's father and Mr. Damian Brown and the claim of Mr. Brown's fiance over the rights of Mr. Anderson over the property Answer: For us to give an answer to the issues of the question, let us first take an overview of the property law in the United Kingdom where the facts of the question arose. The right to property One of the fundamental rights afforded for the citizens of the United Kingdom is the property right which can be defined as the right to own, possess, use, enjoy, and dispose property. The term property includes but is not limited to movable properties such as cars and clothing, and immovable properties such as lands, land and buildings or land and house. Though fundamental by nature, the right to property is only a statutory right, which means that the exercise of this right is subject to existing laws of the State where this right is provided. The exercise of this right was mostly based from common law jurisdictions that were prevalent during the ancient times at the United Kingdom. Though statutory laws are now in effect, common law are still useful most especially in property issues where no statutory bases are readily available just like purchase of property through the internet. Relevant to this right is the purchase of real property. Purchase or "buying", is a traditional way of owing a real property such as land or house. When a person purchases or buys a property, he is given the absolute right or title